Manajer

Manajer

1.        Definisi

•       orang yg mengatur pekerjaan atau kerja sama di antara berbagai kelompok atau sejumlah orang untuk mencapai sasaran;

•       orang yg berwenang dan bertanggung jawab membuat rencana, mengatur, memimpin, dan mengendalikan pelaksanaannya untuk mencapai sasaran tertentu;

Berikut Visual Artikata:

 

•       Definisi umum dari manajer adalah

Seseorang yang bekerja dengan atau melalui orang lain melalui kegiatan mengkoordinasi berbagai aktifitas pekerjaan dalam upaya untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi.

2.        Tingkatan manajer

1).           Manajer Puncak (top manager)

Manajer puncak berada pada puncak hierarki dan bertanggung jawab atas keseluruhan organisasi. Mereka menyandang jabatan seperti presiden, ketua, direktur eksekutif, presiden direktur (chief executive officer - CEO), dan wakil presiden eksekutif. Manajer puncak bertanggung jawab untuk menentukan tujuan organisasi, menetapkan strategi untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, mengawasi dan menginterpretasikan lingkungan eksternal, serta mengambil keputusan yang mempengaruhi  seluruh organisasi.

2).           Manajer Menengah (middle manager)

Mencakup semua manajemen yang berada di antara manajer lini pertama dan manajemen puncak dan bertugas sebagai penghubung antara keduanya. Jabatan yang termasuk manajer menengah di antaranya kepala bagian, pemimpin proyek, manajer pabrik, atau manajer divisi.

3).           Manajer Lini Pertama (first-line manager)

Dikenal pula dengan istilah manajemen operasional, merupakan manajemen tingkatan paling rendah yang bertugas memimpin dan mengawasi karyawan non-manajerial yang terlibat dalam proses produksi. Mereka sering disebut penyelia (supervisor), manajer shift, manajer area, manajer kantor, manajer departemen, atau mandor (foreman). 

Gambar. Tingkatan Manajer

3.        Peran Menejer

Henry Mintzberg, seorang ahli riset ilmu manajemen, mengemukakan bahwa ada sepuluh peran yang dimainkan oleh manajer di tempat kerjanya. Ia kemudian mengelompokan kesepuluh peran itu ke dalam tiga kelompok.

•       Peranan manajer yang terbagi menjadi tiga itu, yaitu:

1.       Peran antarpribadi
Merupakan peran yang melibatkan orang dan kewajiban lain, yang bersifat seremonial dan simbolis. Peran ini meliputi peran sebagai figur untuk anak buah, pemimpin, dan penghubung.

2.       Peran informasional
Meliputi peran manajer sebagai pemantau dan penyebar informasi, serta peran sebagai juru bicara.

3.       Peran pengambilan keputusan
Yang termasuk dalam kelompok ini adalah peran sebagai seorang wirausahawan, pemecah masalah, pembagi sumber daya, dan perunding.

4.        Keterampilan Menejer

1. Keterampilan konseptual (conceptional skill)
   Manajer tingkat atas (top manager) harus memiliki keterampilan untuk membuat konsep, ide, dan gagasan demi kemajuan organisasi.
2. Keterampilan berhubungan dengan orang lain (humanity skill)
   Manajer harus mahir berkomunikasi atau memiliki keterampilan berhubungan dengan orang lain, yang disebut juga keterampilan kemanusiaan.
3. Keterampilan teknis (technical skill)
   Keterampilan teknis ini merupakan kemampuan untuk menjalankan suatu pekerjaan tertentu, misalnya membuat program komputer, memperbaiki mesin, akuntansi , dan lain-lain.

•       Selain tiga keterampilan dasar di atas, Ricky W. Griffin menambahkan dua keterampilan dasar yang perlu dimiliki manajer, yaitu:

•       Keterampilan manajemen waktu
Merupakan keterampilan yang merujuk pada kemampuan seorang manajer untuk menggunakan waktu yang dimilikinya secara bijaksana.

•       Keterampilan membuat keputusan
Merupakan kemampuan untuk mendefinisikan masalah dan menentukan cara terbaik dalam memecahkannya.

5.        Tugas Menejer

Menurut Ranupandojo yang menjadi tugas atau pekerjaan dari manajer itu adalah sebagai berikut :

•       Kepala dalam organisasi.

•       Pemimpin dalam organisasi.

•       Wakil organisasi dalam bertindak keluar.

•       Penerima informasi.

•       Penerjemah informasi untuk disampaikan kepada bawahan.

•       Juru bicara atau humas organisasi.

•       Wirausaha.

•       Penangkal gangguan organisasi.

•       Pembagi sumber daya dalam organisasi.

•       Negosiator bagi organisasi.

6.        Etika Menejerial

Etika manajerial adalah standar prilaku yang memandu manajer dalam pekerjaan mereka. Ada tiga kategori klasifikasi menurut Ricky W. Griffin:

•       Perilaku terhadap karyawan

•       Perilaku terhadap organisasi

•       Perilaku terhadap agen ekonomi lainnya

The Difference Between: Approach, Strategy, Method, Technique, and Model

 Approach:

Approach = Assumption. An Approach is a set of correlative assumption about the nature of language and language learning. An approach is treating something in a certain way. Teaching approach is your own personal philosophy of teaching. Approach is a set of assumption (why). An approach is something that reflects a certain model or research paradigm. Approach is a set of theories and principles. Learning approach is the way teacher view the learning process, in which there are learning strategies with all his theories. Learning approaches can be divided into two approaches are student-centered approach and teacher-centered approach.

Strategy:

Strategy usually requires some sort of planning for setting goals. Learning strategies is a teacher of learning activities undertaken with the aim of the learning process that takes place in the classroom can achieve (goals) to effectively and efficiently. In principle, the learning strategy of conceptual plans that will decisions be taken in the learning process. Viewed from the side of the strategy, can be grouped into two general categories: exposition-discovery learning, and group-individual learning. Learning strategy is still conceptual, necessary for the implementation of certain teaching methods.

Method:

Method can be considered as a way of learning that must be taken to realize the plan that has been a teacher in real and practical activities in the classroom to achieve learning activities. Thus, the strategy is “a plan for achieving goals” while the method is “a way for achieving goals”. Method is a settle kind of procedure, usually according to a definite, established, logical, or systematic plan. Method is general way in which activity is conducted. A method is a plan for presenting the language material to be learned and should be based upon a selected approach. Teaching method: refers to how you apply your answer from the question stated in teaching approaches to your day to day instruction in front of your students. Method is defined as a habitual, logical, or prescribed practice or systematic process of achieving certain and results which accuracy and efficiency, usually in a preordained sequence of steps. A method is how to carry out these assumption and theories (how). A method is a set of procedures that describe how to teach a language. A method is the way you apply these theories and principles. A method is an overall plan for the orderly presentation of language material, no part of which contradict, and all of which is based upon the selected approach. There are many methods of learning: lecture, demonstration, discussion, simulation, laboratory, field experience, brainstorming, debates, symposium, and so forth.

Technique:

Technique is the various methods and process developed through knowledge, skill, and experience. Technique is a very specific, concrete stratagem or trick designed to accomplish an immediate objective. Technique is a procedure or skill for completing a specific task. Teaching technique: these are little sneaky tricks we all know and use to get the job done in the classroom. Technique means a systematic procedure, formula, or routine by which a task is accomplished. Techniques are steps to achieve certain goals. Technique is a classroom device or activity and it is more specific than method. A technique is the tools and task you use to make your method succeed. A technique is implementation. Techniques must be consistent with a method and therefore in harmony with an approach. Technique is a practical method or art applied to some particular task or skillfulness in the command of fundamentals deriving from practice and familiarity. Learning techniques is the way in which teacher in carrying out the method of learning.

Model

 Learning model is a frame from the application of an approach, strategy, methods, and techniques of learning. In learning model is series of strategies, methods, and techniques of learning in a single unified whole. Thus the learning model is basically a form of learning which is reflected from start to finish is typically presented by the teacher.

Extention class Test

Dear Sir,

Im seeing your fast growing organization and I heard that your company has a good reputation, so I would like to join with your company as Credit Marketing officer (CMO). (1)

I am 29 years of age and I graduated from Mechanical Technique Faculty, Jenderal Achmad Yani University, Bandung, Majoring in Metallurgy. (2)

I have an excellent health, high motivation, good communication skill, computer skill, creative, high loyalty, integrity, I am ready to work hard, motorcycle, SIM C and highly motivated to works every where. (3)

Hopefully, you could consider my application and I am looking forward to hearing from you. (4)

Yours faithfully,

 Riki Sahari, ST

Choose the correct answer!!

1.      a.   The paragraph says who is writing.

b.   The paragraph says when they want the job.

c.   The paragraph says why they are writing.

d.   The paragraph says why they are good for the job

2.      a.   The paragraph is talking about what they have been doing.

b.   The paragraph is talking about educational qualifications.

c.   The paragraph is talking about educational experience and qualifications.

d.   The paragraph is talking about Business School.

4.      a.   The paragraph is talking about jobs and Hobbies.

b.   The paragraph is talking about work experience.

c.   The paragraph is talking about what the writter wants to get the calling.

d.   The paragraph is talking about what the writter likes about his application letter.

3.      a.   The paragraph is talking about personality and skills.

b.   The paragraph is talking about likes and dislikes.

c.   The paragraph is talking about appearance.

d.   The paragraph is talking about skills.

5.      You wanted that,...?

a.       Would you

b.      Didn’t you

c.       Wouldn’t you

d.      Do you

How does The Internet influence life in today’s world?

The Internet is one of the most important technological breakthroughs of the 20th century. I wouldn't be wrong if I told that it almost changed the life of our generation at all. Although some people say that the Internet is always beneficial, I personally not agree with them. It provides us with different and freshest information for studying, communicating or just developing ourselves. However, there are also several drawbacks.

On the one hand, the Internet changed our way of finding new information and even friends. Firstly, the most important thing is the amount and diversity of information. Spending hours in libraries is no more necessary. I have everything I need for my university research paper at home. Secondly, this information could be taken as fast as never before. I just go to Google and type what I want to read about; then it shows me a thousand of links about it. Finally, I can find the most interesting people from all over the world using the Internet. We can discuss films, science or even help each other in solving different problems. For example, Internet helps me in studying English because I can communicate with native and advanced speakers using the e-mail, forums and Skype. And all this things I can do sitting at home.

On the other hand, the amount of information is not usually means its quality. If I can find several valuable sources among the hundred, it is actually success, because 90 percents contains quite weak information or even advertising posts, erotic images and computer viruses. I cannot imagine how to show the Internet to my children in the future. I suppose the Internet should be moderated more carefully and maybe there should be separated locations for this sort of materials. Moreover, working as a teacher, I see how much time modern children spend on the Internet just playing or chatting about nothing instead of going for a walk and have a good time with their real friends and parents. 

In conclusion, the Internet means, in my opinion, the International revolution. It is very useful for studying and friendship; however, because of the low quality and some uncensored sources sometimes I think that its influence on our society and, especially on our children, is terrible.

1.      Spending hours in libraries is no more necessary, it’s becaused of the amount of the information likns can be found in the internet.

a.    True                                   b. False

2.      Actually, the internet just has a great function for us to find the most interesting people from all over the world.

a.    True                                   b. False

3.      We can communicate everything by internet, such as about films, science or even help each other in solving different problems.

a.    True                                   b. False

4.      To get the amount of informations, we just go spending time in the libraries, then we could get it as fast as never before.

a.    True                                   b. False

5.      In the 20th century, to find the new information and even friends,people changed their way by the internet.

a.    True                                   b. False

6.      Because of the low quality and uncensored sources, it makes certain about being terrible of the children’s future.

a.    True                                   b. False

7.      Sara usually ______ on black shoes but now she ________ white trainers.

a.      Is putting – is wearing    d. Puts - wears

b.      Put – is wearing                             e. Puts – is wearing

c.      Put – wear

8.      The sun is going to set in the west, I greet ______ to my friends.

a.      Good morning                 d. Good Night

b.      Good afternoon               e. Good bye

c.      Good evening

9.      Housemaker means____________

a.      a profession who always builds the houses

b.      a profession as an assistant/helper in the houses

c.      a profession who always servants the boss

d.      a profession for a women as a wife in her house

e.      a profession for a man who sells the houses

10.   What will you say if you want to leave_taking apart, except_____

a.      Good bye                          d. Cheerio

b.      See you                             e. Hallo.

c.      Bye